![]() ![]() What is surprising is that soldiers began to use torture, a tactic never before used in American warfare. Given their legal status and long history, it is not surprising that commanders adopted these strategies. Despite the public outcry against them, the practices of population concentration, property destruction, and the destruction of food supplies were legal strategies that America had used in prior conflicts, even against its own citizens in the Civil War. ![]() It was thus particularly ironic that the American army used torture, population concentration, property destruction, and food embargoes to win the war against Filipino guerrillas after having denounced the same strategies when used by the Spanish. ![]() The Philippine War was a direct result of the Spanish-American War, which the United States fought in part due to concerns over Spanish mistreatment of Cuban guerrillas and civilians. ![]()
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